Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (Pfas), often called “forever chemicals”, are now found almost everywhere scientists look. They have been detected in rivers, oceans, wildlife, food and even human blood.

These synthetic chemicals have been used since the 1950s in products ranging from waterproof clothing and non-stick cookware to firefighting foams and food packaging. Their strength comes from their resistance to heat, grease and water. But that same durability means they barely break down once released into the environment.

Our new study of the Solent, the stretch of sea between Hampshire and the Isle of Wight in southern England, builds on our previous research. It shows how deeply these chemicals have entered a protected coastal ecosystem. We found Pfas in surface waters, sediments, treated wastewater effluent and marine wildlife. This included seaweeds, invertebrates, fish and harbour porpoises.

But the most important finding was not that Pfas were present. It was that current regulation may be missing the bigger picture.